Problem Domain Functioning

Trouble Domain Functioning Assay

Janis Osis , Uldis Donins , in Topological UML Modeling, 2017

Abstract

Problem domain operation analysis is the first activity within Topological UML modeling and it states that the analysis of the problem domain should be performed. To do and then, performance clarification and functional requirements are used every bit prerequisites. Functioning description can exist in whatsoever form; information technology needs to cover total clarification of problem domain performance. Output of this action is Topological Operation Model (TFM) (both the ane representing functioning of problem domain, i.east., the situation as-is, and the i representing functionality of desired software system, i.due east., the solution to-be) which shows the system from computation contained viewpoint, mappings between functional features and functional requirements, and refined functional requirements. This activity ensures that proper attention is paid at the very kickoff of the software development lifecycle past capturing various aspects of the desired system.

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Behavior Analysis and Blueprint

Janis Osis , Uldis Donins , in Topological UML Modeling, 2017

7.vi Summary

Behavior analysis and design is the adjacent activity within Topological UML modeling following the showtime activity—trouble domain functioning analysis. During behavior analysis and design a set of behavioral diagrams is adult for the organization under consideration based on the previously adult artifacts—TFM and mappings betwixt functional requirements to functional features. The behavioral diagrams are adult past transforming previously created artifacts thus assuring that the analysis and design is going in accordance with the required performance. By basing behavior assay on TFM, we are identifying and designing subsystems, utilise cases, actors, and relationships between them (topological use case diagram), letters and their sequence (sequence diagram), and workflows (activity and interaction overview diagram). Beliefs analysis and design consists of the following iv activities:

one.

Use example analysis—it is based on refined functional requirements, refined TFM, and mappings between functional features and functional requirements. As a result of this activity we get topological use case diagram showing employ cases, actors, relationships betwixt them, and subsystems.

2.

Messages and their sequence assay—the sequence diagram is adult by taking all the required information from topological apply example diagram and TFM. As a upshot of messages and their sequence analysis we get sequence diagram for each utilize case showing the objects and message sending between them.

iii.

Workflows analysis—each activity diagram gets developed in accordance with use cases, TFM, and mappings between functional requirements and functional features. As a upshot of this activity nosotros become activity diagram for each apply case representing its workflow.

iv.

Workflows and messaging analysis—this action is used to formally develop interaction overview diagrams which basically merge together activity and sequence diagrams.

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Software Designing With Unified Modeling Language Driven Approaches

Janis Osis , Uldis Donins , in Topological UML Modeling, 2017

ii.2.6 Topological Functioning Modeling for Model Driven Compages

Topological Functioning Modeling for Model Driven Architecture [92] is an approach intended for problem domain analysis and modeling in the context of MDA [67], thus dealing with the weakest office of MDA—the computation independent model (CIM) and its formal transformation to platform independent model (PIM) [85,116] [85] [116] . In the context of MDA, TFM4MDA uses an extended version of MDA software lifecycle [84]. Extended MDA lifecycle is given in Fig. 2.8. In the standard MDA lifecycle [53] the feedback from deployment is going back directly to assay ("standard feedback" in Fig. 2.eight) and information technology is conspicuously visible that CIM is considered only as textual requirements without whatever formal relation to the functionality of the concern organisation and that the requirements and desired behavior of arrangement is not considered at all when changes are needed in the deployed software system.

Figure ii.viii. Extended and standard MDA software evolution lifecycle.

To avoid ignorance of CIM and analysis of the business organisation system in the context of MDA, TFM4MDA uses capabilities of the universal category logic and is based on the ceremonial of TFM [87] (TFM and its construction steps are given in Chapter 4, Topological Unified Modeling Language, of this book). The master idea behind TFM4MDA is that the required functionality determines the structure of the planned system [88]. This corresponds to the opinion that at that place are two stages at the offset of the problem analysis: the first one is analysis of the problem domain and the 2nd i is analysis of the application domain. Having knowledge about a complex organization that operates in the real world, a TFM of this system can exist developed. This means that a TFM of the organization is tested and tin be partially inverse and adjusted by functional requirements and vice versa. Usually changes in TFM are initiated if the software system introduces new functionality in the problem domain (e.one thousand., in the context of library software development project discussed in [94] —sending of SMS notifications is a new functionality introduced to business procedure through the developed software system).

2.ii.6.ane Development Process

The software development process within TFM4MDA approach begins with the analysis and formalization of problem domain equally shown in Fig. ii.9, where the development is shown in the context of two kinds of information at the commencement of the problem analysis: the problem domain and the application domain.

Figure two.9. Software modeling within TFM4MDA arroyo.

Trouble domain analysis and software modeling within the TFM4MDA approach consists following deportment:

one.

Evolution of TFM reflecting the problem domain functioning,

2.

Functional requirement mapping onto TFM,

3.

Employ case identification from a TFM,

4.

Activity diagram development for each identified utilize case, and

5.

Conceptual and controller course identification.

The formal evolution of TFM within TFM4MDA is given in Fig. two.ten.

Figure two.10. TFM development within TFM4MDA approach.

After the development of TFM, the functional features are associated with business goals of the arrangement. Associating functional features with business goals provides business use example and system use case identification according to the problem domain entities. Additionally, after those activities functional requirements can exist traced back to the system use case diagram [7]. Problem domain concepts are selected and described in an UML Class diagram. The UML Class diagram is developed by performing ii transformations: (1) TFM to problem domain objects graph and (ii) problem domain objects graph to course diagram. Every bit a upshot of this transformation a form diagram reflecting conceptual classes (i.e., without attributes and operations) and nondirected associations betwixt them is obtained.

two.two.half-dozen.2 Unified Modeling Language Diagrams Used

All the diagram types used within TFM4MDA are shown in Fig. 2.11 , the oriented vertices between diagram types denotes their structure order and the source of the diagram. The root diagram is TFM which is constructed according to the problem domain functioning. TFM4MDA approach uses just 3 UML diagram types: use case diagram, activity diagram, and form diagram; and additional two diagrams: TFM and problem domain objects graph (the names of these ii diagram types are given in italic in Fig. 2.eleven).

Figure 2.xi. Diagram development sequence by using TFM4MDA.

Despite the fact that TFM can be transformed to activeness diagram, the author of TFM4MDA in [6] states that "it is incommunicable to create fork and join nodes automatically because the TFM does non hold information of concurrency" (thus TFM can be transformed into simple activity diagram). The transformation from TFM to class diagram is cryptic while it is not clear how the command period showing interaction between objects (i.e., crusade-and-effect relationships) in TFM can exist transformed into structural relationships (i.e., associations) between classes. The level of ambiguousness is even increased in the initial phase of TFM to form diagram transformation—the TFM to trouble domain object graph transformation.

Detailed information of UML diagram types used within TFM4MDA and their intended use is given in Table 2.six.

Table 2.vi. Diagrams Used in TFM4MDA Approach

No. Diagram Type Sequence Information for Notes
i. Topological Functioning Model (TFM) one Problem domain objects graph, use case diagram, and activity diagram TFM is used to formalize trouble domain and thus information technology is the initial diagram developed when using TFM4MDA arroyo.
2. Use case diagram 2 – Since TFM4MDA approach is intended for trouble domain analysis using TFM, it does non include guidelines for transformations between standard UML diagrams.
iii. Activity diagram 3 –
4. Course diagram five –
5. Problem domain objects graph 4 Form diagram TFM is transformed ane:1 into problem domain object graph where each vertex shows only i blazon of objects.

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Topological UML Modeling

Janis Osis , Uldis Donins , in Topological UML Modeling, 2017

5.ane Topological UML Modeling: A Method for Designing Software

Topological UML modeling for trouble domain modeling and software systems designing is a model-driven modeling method which combines Topological Operation Model (TFM) and its ceremonial with elements and diagrams of Topological UML. In the context of Model Driven Architecture (MDA), the TFM considers problem domain information divide from the solution domain information and holistically represents a consummate functionality of the system from the computation independent viewpoint while Topological UML has elements for representing system design at the platform independent viewpoint and platform-specific viewpoint. The Topological UML modeling method covers modeling and specification of systems in computation contained and platform contained viewpoints.

The application of Topological UML modeling ensures proper analysis of organization functioning by identifying and analyzing functioning cycles. The functioning bicycle is a common matter of all arrangement (technical, business, or biological) operation. Therefore, it is stated that at to the lowest degree one directed closed loop must be present in every TFM of system operation [86]. It shows the chief functionality that has a vital importance in the organisation'southward life (i.e., by destroying the main operation cycle the organization tin can no longer part or information technology is seriously malfunctioning). Usually the main functionality is fifty-fifty an expanded bureaucracy of cycles [40]. Therefore, a proper cycle analysis is necessary in the very beginning of software development lifecycle, because it enables conscientious analysis of organisation'south operation and communication with the environment [91]. Operations of a course are addressed every bit responsibilities of this class. Co-ordinate to Larman's "Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Blueprint and Iterative Evolution" [58], responsibilities reply to two questions: "What to practice?" and "How to do?"; and they are assigned to classes of objects during the object design. By using Topological UML the information of organization operation from TFM is transferred to design models and diagrams thus allowing marker and evaluating the nigh important objects and components within system and to assign proper responsibilities to the objects in a formal way.

Problem domain analysis and software system design with Topological UML modeling method consist of six activities as given in Fig. 5.1:

Figure five.ane. Topological UML modeling process and activities.
1.

Problem domain functioning analysis—this is the first activity within Topological UML modeling and it states that the assay of the problem domain should be performed. To do so, functioning description and functional requirements are used as input. Functioning description can be in any form; it needs to cover full description of problem domain functioning. Output of this activity is TFM (both the ane representing operation of trouble domain, i.due east., the situation as-is, and the one representing functionality of desired software organisation, i.due east., the solution to-exist) which shows the system from ciphering independent viewpoint, mappings between functional features and functional requirements, and refined functional requirements. This activeness ensures that proper attending is paid at the very beginning of the software development lifecycle by capturing diverse aspects of the desired system.

2.

Behavior analysis and design—the next activity inside Topological UML modeling process which is based on the results obtained in previous problem domain functioning assay action. By basing beliefs analysis on TFM, we can clearly identify and design subsystems, use cases, actors, and relationships betwixt them (topological employ case diagram), letters and their sequence (sequence diagram), and workflows (activity and interaction overview diagram).

3.

Construction analysis and design—the problem domain and solution domain representing TFM include enough information to identify arrangement's structural artifacts and elements. Past using this valuable information, we can pattern the domain model in the form of topological form diagram, advice diagram, and object diagram. Every bit the object diagram shows a snapshot of the organization at a given signal in time, it is useful as an additional artifact when analyzing relationships between classes.

4.

State alter and transition analysis—the refined TFM and classes (either from topological class diagram or lifelines from communication diagram) are used to design state diagram for each class showing country changes and transitions. It is advised to analyze land changes of complex or most important objects in the system. The most of import objects are those that are participating in the main functioning bike of the system which is identified and specified during the structure of TFM during the very first activity within Topological UML modeling.

5.

Structuring logical layout of design—logical layout of software pattern is structured in accordance with the divers subsystems in the organization behavior analysis and design action and the input of this activity is subsystems (use case diagram) and classes with their relationships (topological course diagram). The logical layout is depicted by using package diagram where each packet initially represents i subsystem. The contents of packages are added from the topological course diagram accordingly to the use cases in each subsystem and the mappings betwixt functional features and utilise cases. The output of this action is package diagram structured according to subsystems and responsibilities of classes.

6.

Components and deployment design—the input of this activeness is packages from package diagram and nonfunctional requirements, and as the output a component blueprint (component diagram) and deployment design (deployment diagram) are created.

The activities of Topological UML modeling within the software development project can be applied in any lodge and just part of the activities can be used. At that place is one restriction—inputs of each activeness should be provided in order to produce intended outputs. Topological UML modeling method is guidelines of Topological UML profile application in software development; information technology does not restrict the use and application of Topological UML diagrams. Each modeling activeness is described in detail in Role Iii, Topological UML Modeling Explained.

5.i.1 Top-Down Blueprint With Topological UML Diagrams

Transitions between Topological UML diagrams according to Topological UML modeling method activity sequence are given in Fig. 5.ii, where the diagrams are shown as nodes and the transitions between them as directed lines pointing from source diagram to destination diagram. Topological UML modeling does not include development of contour, timing, and blended structure diagrams as the TFM shows timing within functioning of a system; component diagram specifies structure of components. Profile diagram is non addressed while it is intended to specify a new profile of UML (not a software design). It is possible to automate transitions between Topological UML diagrams while the validation of the caused diagrams is needed by the domain experts. The development of TFM tin can exist partly automatic equally shown in "Transforming Textual Use Cases to a Computation Contained Model" [100], "Knowledge Integration for Domain Modeling" [115], and "The Integrated Domain Modeling: A Case Study" [117] where the business apply cases are transformed into TFM.

Figure 5.2. Transitions between Topological UML diagrams.

The Topological UML diagrams that are used inside Topological UML modeling are listed in Table 5.1, where a development club of the diagram is given as well equally the diagrams to which it can be transformed or has data for development.

Tabular array 5.1. Diagrams Used Inside Topological UML Modeling

No. Diagram Type Order Information for Notes
1. Topological Functioning Model ane Topological use case diagram, sequence diagram, activity diagram, communication diagram, country diagram Initial TFM is developed by analyzing functional characteristics of the problem domain. The refinement of TFM includes adjusting TFM to the functional requirements of the desired software system since the requirements tin can innovate new functionality to the problem domain. Past refining TFM the functional requirements are validated, i.e., the TFM shows missing, overlapping, alien, and incorrect requirements [8,91,95] [viii] [91] [95] .
2. Topological use case diagram 2 Sequence diagram, activity diagram, package diagram The telescopic of use cases is set either by functional requirements or by system goals. The functionality represented by each utilize instance is obtained from the TFM according to the mappings between functional features and functional requirements.
3. Advice diagram ii Topological course diagram Communication diagram is used equally an intermediate model betwixt TFM and topological class diagram. It is adult by transforming TFM—the functional features representing the same object type are merged and the cause-and-outcome relations go links betwixt lifelines.
4. Sequence diagram iii Interaction overview diagram Sequence diagram shows the messaging betwixt actors and objects. Usually a set of sequence diagrams is created—one for each use instance. Use case is used to set the scope of sequence diagram while TFM is used to prepare the messages and their order.
5. Activity diagram iii Interaction overview diagram Activeness diagram shows the workflow of a apply case. Usually a set of action diagrams is created—one for each use case. Utilise case is used to set the telescopic of activity diagram while TFM is used to set the action nodes and edges.
half-dozen. Topological grade diagram 3 Packet diagram, state diagram, object diagram Topological form diagram is used to correspond a domain model and a system design model. The key idea behind domain model is a visual dictionary of abstractions. The topological relations betwixt classes show the causal relations betwixt entities in the trouble and solution domains.
7. Interaction overview diagram 4 – Defines interactions through a variant of activity diagram in a way that promotes overview of the control flow. Interaction overview diagram focus on the overview of the flow of control.
8. Object diagram 4 – Object diagram can be adult during the refinement process of topological class diagram when the associations are analyzed. It is useful in state of affairs when object of 1 type plays more one office at a time. Object diagram can as well exist used to provide examples of organization at a specific fourth dimension.
nine. Country diagram five – State diagrams are used to bear witness the state transitions of objects; ane diagram is created for each object blazon.
10. Bundle diagram half-dozen Component diagram Packet diagram is used to organize and grouping classes into logical structure—packages. Each parcel represents a subsystem and groups a set up of cohesive responsibilities of classes.
11. Component diagram vii Deployment diagram Component diagram represents modular, deployable, and replaceable parts of a system; one component is created for each package.
12. Deployment diagram 8 – Deployment diagram shows how instances of components are deployed on instances of nodes. The content of deployment diagram is denoted by components and nonfunctional requirements.

five.ane.two Seaming Causality Betwixt Diagrams

As Topological UML profile introduces a new diagram type—the TFM—we need to show how the elements of TFM is used to spread the causality relationships and other information to different types of Topological UML diagrams. At the aforementioned time, all mappings that exist between standard UML diagrams remain the same. The mappings betwixt standard UML diagrams can exist found in diverse books and researches, like [15,37,104,120,121] [15] [37] [104] [120] [121] . Mappings between Topological UML diagrams are described in the form of table by giving element of one Topological UML diagram type and respective element in other kind of Topological UML diagram together with a brief description.

Mappings between elements of TFM and elements of communication and sequence diagrams are given in Table v.2.

Table 5.two. Mapping TFM to Communication and Sequence Diagrams

No. TFM Element Communication and Sequence Diagram Element Description
one. Class specified by functional feature Lifeline Each functional feature specifies object which is performing action. During analysis of system object is specified by grade.
2. Performance specified by functional feature Bulletin Each functional characteristic specifies an atomic business activity which later is specified by topological performance.
three. Sequence of functional features Message sequence number (only in communication diagram) Message sequence number is denoted by the sequence number of functional characteristic. The sequence of functional features is defined by problem domain expert.
Bulletin society (only in sequence diagram)
iv. Logical relations Bulletin sending concurrency Logical relations in TFM give additional information about execution concurrency of functional features, thus allowing to define concurrency within communication diagram.

Mappings between elements of TFM and elements of activity diagram are given in Table v.iii.

Table v.3. Mapping TFM to Activity Diagram

No. TFM Element Action Diagram Element Description
one. Action of object specified by functional feature Action Each functional characteristic specifies an diminutive business organisation activity which is represented by action of object and after is specified by topological operation. In activity diagram one action represents 1 functional feature from TFM.
two. Cause-and-effect (i.e., topological) relationship Edge Functional features are connected past topological relationship which is represented by straight line with arrowhead at event side (i.eastward., information technology points from crusade to issue). In action diagram one edge represents one topological relationship from TFM.
iii. Logical relationship with type xor (and partially or) Decision and merge node Logical relations in TFM give additional information about execution concurrency of functional features and decision-making inside system. Exclusive or (xor) within activity diagram is represented with decision node and corresponding merge node. Disjunction (or) is represented in a mixture of conclusion and fork nodes.
four. Preconditions of functional characteristic Guards on edges outgoing from decision node Preconditions of functional feature in TFM are represented as guards on edges incoming to corresponding action in activity diagram.
5. Logical relationship with blazon and (and partially or) Fork and join node Logical relations in TFM give additional information almost execution concurrency and decision-making within organisation. Conjunction (and) within activity diagram is represented with fork node and corresponding join node. Disjunction (or) is represented in a mixture of decision and fork nodes.
6. Functional feature Initial node In bones scenario when input functional feature is transformed into an activity, an initial node is added before this activeness. In more than advanced scenario TFM tin be split up up in several parts and each office represented past its own activity diagram. In such case, the initial node is added before action which is obtained from the input functional feature of that TFM part.
7. Functional characteristic Final node In bones scenario when output functional feature is transformed into an action, a final node is added later on this action. In more advanced scenario TFM can exist carve up up in several parts and each part represented by its own activity diagram. In such case, the terminal node is added after action which is obtained from the output functional feature of that TFM part.

Mappings between elements of TFM and elements of topological use instance diagram are given in Table five.iv.

Table 5.4. Mapping TFM to Topological Employ Case Diagram

No. TFM Element Topological Utilize Case Diagram Element Description
1. TFM or part of TFM Subject area TFM itself defines discipline of topological use case diagram. If TFM is divided into parts according to subsystems, then each function of TFM defines the discipline.
2. Entity of functional feature Actor Actor is an entity of input and output functional features.
iii. Functional features Utilize case Use case is defined by a prepare of functional features. All functional features within one set should exist continued—there should be no separated functional features. The set of functional features included in one use case (i.east., the scope of use case) is denoted by practiced, by functional requirement, or by goal.
four. Topological relationship Topological relationship The topological human relationship from input functional feature to the descendant functional feature denotes topological relationship pointing from actor to use case. The topological relationship from predecessor of output functional feature to the output functional feature denotes topological relationship pointing from utilize example to actor.
five. Cause-and-issue (i.e., topological) human relationship Relationship between apply cases Human relationship betwixt utilise cases are denoted by the existence of topological relationship between functional features belonging to employ cases.
6. Logical relationship Extend relationship The type of relationship betwixt use cases is denoted by the type of logical relationship in TFM. The disjunction (or) and exclusive or (xor) denote extend relationship between use cases.
7. Cause-and-effect (i.e., topological) and logical relationship Include relationship The type of relationship between utilise cases is denoted by the type of logical human relationship in TFM. The conjunction (and) announce include relationship between utilise cases. If there is no logical relationship betwixt topological relationships in TFM, then it indicates that at that place be include relationship between employ cases.

Mappings betwixt elements of TFM and elements of topological class diagram are given in Table v.five.

Table v.v. Mapping TFM to Topological Class Diagram

No. TFM Element Topological Class Diagram Element Clarification
1. Form specified by functional feature Form Each functional feature specifies object which is performing activeness thus during analysis of system the object is specified by class. A class in topological class diagram represents 1 class which is obtained by merging all functional features specifying the same class.
2. Attributes of class specified by functional feature Aspect of form Each functional characteristic specifies an diminutive business activeness which involves specification of afflicted data and data fields. Later this data can be specified as attributes of respective class.
iii. Operation specified past functional feature Operation of form Each functional characteristic specifies an diminutive business action which later is specified by topological operation in TFM.
four. Topological relationship Topological relationship Topological relationship within TFM is drawn between two functional features while in topological class diagram it is drawn between two topological operations. In fact, each topological functioning is defined by ane functional characteristic, so the topological relationship is transferred one:1 from TFM into topological class diagram.
5. Consequence of action and form specified by functional characteristic Association An association within topological class diagram tin be added between form specified by functional feature and form specified by result of action of the same functional feature. By farther assay of the action context an assemblage or composition can be set of this clan.

Mappings between elements of TFM and elements of state diagram are given in Table 5.half dozen. Each functional feature specifies an object performing certain activeness. By transforming TFM into state diagrams a set of state diagrams is obtained. The count of obtained country diagrams is denoted past count of singled-out objects specified by functional features.

Table 5.6. Mapping Topological Performance Model TFM to State Diagram

No. TFM Chemical element State Diagram Element Description
1. Object state specified by functional feature State Each functional feature specifies an object performing certain operation. If during execution of this action changes the land of object performing this action, functional feature specifies the new state of the object. Object land from functional feature is transformed into country in land diagram.
2. Object state specified by functional feature Initial state When information from input functional feature is transformed into a state, an initial state is added before this state.
3. Object land specified by functional feature Last land When information from output functional characteristic is transformed into a state, a last state is added after this state.
iv. Topological relationship Transition If during execution of action specified by functional feature is changed the state of object performing this action, then incoming topological relationship defines transition from previous state to the new country.
5. Operation specified past functional characteristic Upshot Each functional feature specifies an atomic business action which later on is specified by topological operation in TFM. If functional characteristic specifies the new land of object, the operation is transformed into the result triggering transition from one state to another.
half-dozen. Operation specified by functional feature Entry effect If current functional characteristic specifies the new state of object, the performance is transformed into the entry event of this new state.
seven. Operation specified by functional feature Exit event If descendant functional feature specifies the new state of object, the performance of this descendant functional feature is transformed into the exit effect of current land.
eight. Preconditions of functional features Guard condition If current functional feature specifies the new state of object, the preconditions of this functional feature are transformed into the guard weather condition.
9. Logical human relationship with type and (and partially or) Fork and join A logical relation in TFM gives additional data about execution concurrency of functional features, thus conjunction (and) within state diagram is represented with fork and corresponding bring together. Disjunction (or) indicates possible fork and join.

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Structure Analysis and Blueprint

Janis Osis , Uldis Donins , in Topological UML Modeling, 2017

8.6 Summary

Structure assay and design is an activity within Topological UML modeling process. This action is based on the results obtained inside the very first Topological UML modeling action—problem domain functioning analysis in which TFM is developed for the system nether consideration. The TFM holistically represents the functioning of the problem and solution domains. As a holistic model, TFM includes necessary data to develop diagrams reflecting structure of the solution domain. Topological UML modeling models construction by means of the topological grade diagram. To pattern a structure reflecting diagrams, the following activities are performed:

•

Assay of objects structure and communication—initially TFM is transformed into advice diagram showing objects and messages they transport each other.

•

Domain model development—after the communication diagram is further transformed into topological course diagram. The operations are obtained during TFM transformation to communication diagram and the attributes are added from TFM while transforming communication diagram into topological course diagram. The responsibilities of classes are assigned as operations; thus, by using TFM in software development the classes are identified and responsibilities are assigned direct from the problem domain.

•

Modeling snapshots of the arrangement—object diagram serves to take a look at a complete or partial view of the structure of a modeled system at a specific time moment. It can be used instead of a topological class diagram in situations that involve more than i object of the same course interim in different roles or to provide examples of a system at a specific time.

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